| Meaning | |
|---|---|
| Afrikaans | |
| lexicalization | afr: straf |
| Old English (ca. 450-1100) | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | ang: wīte |
| lexicalization | ang: wite |
| Arabic | |
| lexicalization | ara: عقوبات |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | ara: عقوبة |
| Asturian | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | ast: castigu |
| Bavarian | |
| lexicalization | bar: Strafe |
| Belarusian | |
| lexicalization | bel: Пакараньні |
| Bengali | |
| lexicalization | ben: শাস্তি |
| Breton | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | bre: kastizadur |
| Bulgarian | |
| lexicalization | bul: наказание |
| lexicalization | bul: Наказания |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | bul: наказаниеIприсъда |
| Catalan | |
| has gloss | cat: La pena és un sentiment de patiment psíquic pel qual un esdeveniment o pensament causa tristor a la persona. Antigament es definia com "dolor de lànima". És el contrari dalegria. |
| lexicalization | cat: pena |
| lexicalization | cat: càstig |
| Czech | |
| has gloss | ces: Trest nebo také sankce je uvalení nějakého omezení, újmy, ztráty nebo bolesti, jímž oprávněná osoba vymáhá dodržování mravních, společenských nebo právních pravidel daného společenství. Smyslem trestu může být náprava, odstrašení, ochrana společnosti nebo obnovení narušeného řádu. Tresty se vyskytují v právu, ve výchově, v náboženství, ve společenském životě a ve sportu. |
| lexicalization | ces: Tresty |
| lexicalization | ces: trest |
| lexicalization | ces: pokuta |
| lexicalization | ces: potrestání |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | ces: pokutování |
| Church Slavic | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | chu: казнь |
| lexicalization | chu: мьсть |
| Mandarin Chinese | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | cmn: 处分 |
| lexicalization | cmn: 處分 |
| lexicalization | cmn: zhì cai |
| lexicalization | cmn: 制裁 |
| lexicalization | cmn: fá kuan |
| lexicalization | cmn: 罚款 |
| lexicalization | cmn: 罰款 |
| lexicalization | cmn: xíng fa |
| lexicalization | cmn: 刑罚 |
| lexicalization | cmn: 刑罰 |
| Welsh | |
| lexicalization | cym: cosb |
| Danish | |
| has gloss | dan: Straf er en ubehagelig konsekvens af overtrædelsen af visse regler (love, normer, moralopfattelser). |
| lexicalization | dan: Straf |
| lexicalization | dan: bøde |
| German | |
| has gloss | deu: Die Strafe (bedeutet nach Kluge, 1963, mhd: "mit Worten tadeln") ist eine Sanktion gegenüber einem bestimmten Verhalten, das in der Regel vom Erziehenden oder Vorgesetzten als Unrecht bzw. als (in der Situation) unangemessen qualifiziert wird. Der Begriff der Strafe wird insbesondere im Bereich der Rechtswissenschaft, jedoch auch in Theologie, Philosophie und vor allem in den Erziehungswissenschaften abgehandelt. |
| lexicalization | deu: Strafe |
| lexicalization | deu: Bestrafung |
| lexicalization | deu: Sanktion |
| lexicalization | deu: Züchtigung |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | deu: Abstrafung |
| Modern Greek (1453-) | |
| lexicalization | ell: ποινή |
| lexicalization | ell: τιμωρία |
| Esperanto | |
| lexicalization | epo: Punoj |
| lexicalization | epo: puno |
| lexicalization | epo: punado |
| Basque | |
| lexicalization | eus: Zigorrak |
| lexicalization | eus: zigor |
| lexicalization | eus: isun |
| Persian | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | fas: تنبیه |
| lexicalization | fas: مجازات |
| lexicalization | fas: گوشمالی دادن |
| lexicalization | fas: سیاست |
| lexicalization | fas: عقاب |
| Finnish | |
| lexicalization | fin: rangaistus |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | fin: rankaiseminen |
| lexicalization | fin: rankaisu |
| French | |
| has gloss | fra: Un châtiment est un traitement violent qui est infligé en réponse à une attitude considérée comme répréhensible, immorale ou déplacée. Il consiste à imposer quelque chose de désagréable à une personne dans le but de la rappeler à lordre et de la dissuader de conserver ce type dattitude. |
| lexicalization | fra: Chatiment |
| lexicalization | fra: châtiment |
| lexicalization | fra: pénalité |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | fra: correction |
| lexicalization | fra: pénalty |
| lexicalization | fra: penalty |
| Old French (842-ca. 1400) | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | fro: justise |
| Gaelic | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | gla: peanas |
| Galician | |
| lexicalization | glg: castigo |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | glg: punición |
| Haitian | |
| lexicalization | hat: penalizasyon |
| Serbo-Croatian | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | hbs: kazna |
| lexicalization | hbs: казна |
| Hebrew | |
| has gloss | heb: ענישה היא הדרך של מסגרת חברתית כלשהי - מדינה, ארגון או קבוצה, להתמודד עם מי שמעשיהם חורגים במידה משמעותית מהנוהגים או הנורמות שנקבעו באותה חברה או ארגון, ומעוגנות בחוק או בתקנון של החברה, או קיימות באופן לא פורמלי. |
| lexicalization | heb: ענישה |
| Hindi | |
| has gloss | hin: राजनीतिशास्त्र के चार उपायों -- साम, दाम, दंड और भेद में एक उपाय; राजा, राज्य और छत्र की शक्ति और संप्रभुता का द्योतक और किसी अपराधी को उसके अपराध के निमित्त दिया गया हुआ दंड। संक्षेप में यह कहा जा सकता है कि दंड या तो धर्म, जाति और संप्रदायगत संस्कारों का द्योतक है अथवा वैयक्तिक और सामाजिक रक्षा के उपायों का प्रतीक। |
| lexicalization | hin: दंड |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | hin: सज़ा |
| lexicalization | hin: दण्ड |
| lexicalization | hin: xaNda |
| Croatian | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | hrv: kažnjavanje |
| Hungarian | |
| lexicalization | hun: bírság |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | hun: büntetés |
| Armenian | |
| lexicalization | hye: Պատիժ |
| lexicalization | hye: պատիժ |
| lexicalization | hye: պատժում |
| Indonesian | |
| has gloss | ind: Hukuman (bahasa Inggris: punishment) adalah sebuah cara untuk mengarahkan sebuah tingkah laku agar sesuai dengan tingkah laku yang berlaku secara umum. Dalam hal ini, hukuman diberikan ketika sebuah tingkah laku yang tidak diharapkan ditampilkan oleh orang yang bersangkutan atau orang yang bersangkutan tidak memberikan respon atau tidak menampilkan sebuah tingkah laku yang diharapkan. |
| lexicalization | ind: Hukuman |
| lexicalization | ind: penghukuman |
| Icelandic | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | isl: hegning |
| lexicalization | isl: hirting |
| lexicalization | isl: refsing |
| lexicalization | isl: straff |
| lexicalization | isl: ráðning |
| Italian | |
| has gloss | ita: In diritto, la pena è la conseguenza giuridica della violazione di un precetto penale. |
| lexicalization | ita: pena |
| lexicalization | ita: Pene |
| lexicalization | ita: castigo |
| Japanese | |
| has gloss | jpn: 刑罰（けいばつ、,）とは、形式的には、犯罪に対する法的効果として、国家によって犯罪をおかした者に科せられる一定の法益の剥奪をいい、その実質的意義は犯罪に対する国家的応報であるとともに、一般予防と特別予防をも目的とする 。広い意味では犯罪行為に科されるもの 。刑ないしは刑事罰ともいう。 |
| lexicalization | jpn: 刑罰 |
| lexicalization | jpn: 制裁 |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | jpn: 処罰 |
| lexicalization | jpn: 罰 |
| lexicalization | jpn: kei |
| lexicalization | jpn: けい |
| Georgian | |
| lexicalization | kat: სასჯელები |
| Kazakh | |
| lexicalization | kaz: жаза |
| Kirghiz | |
| lexicalization | kir: жаза |
| Korean | |
| has gloss | kor: 형벌(刑罰)은 검사에 의해 형사상 소추를 당한 피고인이 형사법원으로부터 유죄의 확정판결을 받은 경우에 부과되는 법익의 박탈을 말한다. |
| lexicalization | kor: 형벌 |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | kor: 처벌 |
| Kurdish | |
| lexicalization | kur: ceza |
| lexicalization | kur: siza |
| Latin | |
| lexicalization | lat: poena |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | lat: punitio |
| Latvian | |
| lexicalization | lav: Soda veidi |
| lexicalization | lav: sods |
| lexicalization | lav: sodīšana |
| Lithuanian | |
| has gloss | lit: Bausmie – atpėlda skvarma, taikuoma duoruovės nuormu pažeidiejou. Teisie nuormu pažeidiejams taikuomas prīvartas sankcėjės, vo duoruovėnie tuokiūn sankcėju nier. |
| has gloss | lit: Bausmė – valstybės prievartos priemonė, skiriama teismo apkaltinamuoju nuosprendžiu asmeniui, padariusiam nusikalstamą veiką, ir apribojanti nuteistojo teises ir laisves visuomenės labui. |
| lexicalization | lit: Bausmie |
| lexicalization | lit: Bausmės |
| lexicalization | lit: bausmė |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | lit: nubaudimas |
| Malayalam | |
| lexicalization | mal: ശിക്ഷ |
| Macedonian | |
| lexicalization | mkd: казнување |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | mkd: казна |
| Maori | |
| lexicalization | mri: nawhitanga |
| Low German | |
| lexicalization | nds: Straaf |
| Dutch | |
| has gloss | nld: Een straf betekent in het algemeen een maatregel of behandeling ter vergelding van een misdaad of overtreding. Ook buiten het strafrecht komen vergeldingsmaatregelen of straffen voor. Deze omschrijving is juridisch. Binnen de psychologie en meer bepaald de gedragsanalyse heeft straf een andere betekenis. Straf is daar elke consequentie die de kans op een bepaald gedrag doet verminderen. Deze twee definities lijken overeen te komen, maar dat is niet zo. Een straf die vanuit juridisch oogpunt ter vergelding wordt gegeven, kan in sommige gevallen bekrachtigend werken en het gedrag doen toenemen. Juridisch wordt enkel gekeken naar de actie, het toedienen van een maatregel. Psychologisch wordt enkel gekeken naar het effect. |
| lexicalization | nld: Straf |
| lexicalization | nld: boete |
| lexicalization | nld: kastijding |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | nld: bestraffing |
| lexicalization | nld: afstraffing |
| lexicalization | nld: bezoeking |
| Norwegian Nynorsk | |
| lexicalization | nno: Straff |
| Norwegian | |
| has gloss | nor: Straff er en reaksjonsform på uønsket oppførsel eller handling, og kan ta mange former. Straff kan ilegges informelt, i alt fra situasjoner der mødre straffer sine barn for uakseptabel oppførsel og til situasjoner der stater ilegger sanksjoner overfor andre stater. I slike situasjoner vil det være de reelle maktforhold som avgjør hvem som vil være i stand til å utøve straffende myndighet. Her er det imidlertid den formelle straffen, straff som rettslig sanksjonering av kriminalitet, som har størst interesse. I denne formen vil staten ha monopol på å ilegge straff innenfor moderne rettssamfunn. |
| lexicalization | nor: straff |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | nor: bot |
| Occitan (post 1500) | |
| lexicalization | oci: puniment |
| Iranian Persian | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | pes: جريمه |
| Polish | |
| has gloss | pol: Kara (prawo) - określona przepisami prawa dolegliwość dla podmiotu prawa będąca sankcją za niepodporządkowanie się normom prawnym |
| lexicalization | pol: kara |
| lexicalization | pol: Kara |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | pol: karanie |
| lexicalization | pol: wycisk |
| Portuguese | |
| has gloss | por: A Punição é um processo no qual reduz-se a probabilidade de determinada resposta voltar a ocorrer através da apresentação de um estímulo aversivo, ou a retirada de um estímulo positivo após a emissão de determinado comportamento indesejado. |
| lexicalization | por: castigo |
| lexicalization | por: punição |
| lexicalization | por: Punição |
| lexicalization | por: Punições |
| lexicalization | por: sanção |
| Quechua | |
| has gloss | que: Wanay icha Wanachay nisqaqa pi runamanpas paypaq millay kaq ruraymi huchallikusqanrayku, q'umallikusqanrayku. |
| lexicalization | que: Wanachay |
| Moldavian | |
| lexicalization | ron: Pedepse |
| lexicalization | ron: penalizare |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | ron: pedeapsă |
| Russian | |
| has gloss | rus: Наказание — применение каких-либо неприятных или нежелательных мер в отношении человека или животного в ответ на неповиновение или на неугодное или морально неправильное поведение. Наказание может использоваться для формирования у индивидуума социально приемлемой модели поведения и социальных поступков. |
| lexicalization | rus: наказание |
| lexicalization | rus: Наказания |
| lexicalization | rus: штраф |
| lexicalization | rus: кара |
| lexicalization | rus: казнь |
| Slovak | |
| has gloss | slk: Trest je následné opatrenie po predchádzajúcom previnení. Trest je reakcia sociálneho prostredia na isté prejavy správania, ktoré znamenajú porušenie noriem. V práve sa trest uplatňuje ako sankcia ukladaná súdom páchateľovi uznanému za vinného zo spáchania trestného činu. Obsahuje negatívne hodnotenie činu a jeho páchateľa, ukladá sa v závislosti od závažnosti činu s cieľom ochraňovať spoločnosť. |
| lexicalization | slk: pokuta |
| lexicalization | slk: Tresty |
| lexicalization | slk: trest |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | slk: trestanie |
| lexicalization | slk: penalizácia |
| Castilian | |
| has gloss | spa: La pena es el medio con que cuenta el Estado para reaccionar frente al delito, expresándose como la "restricción de derechos del responsable". Por ello, el Derecho que regula los delitos se denomina habitualmente Derecho penal. La pena también se define como una sanción que produce la pérdida o restricción de derechos personales, contemplada en la ley e impuesta por el órgano jurisdiccional, mediante un proceso, al individuo responsable de la comisión de un delito. |
| lexicalization | spa: Penas |
| lexicalization | spa: pena |
| lexicalization | spa: penalización |
| lexicalization | spa: castigo |
| Serbian | |
| has gloss | srp: Казна је било која аверзивна драж и ускраћивање задовољства чиме се нарушава интегритет личности због неког њеног претходног поступка који, по оцени других, није у складу са законским или обичајним нормама заједнице. Циљ казне је да се то непожељно понашање елиминише или модификује. |
| lexicalization | srp: Казна |
| Swedish | |
| has gloss | swe: :För "straff" i bollsport, se Straffspark. Straff är inom juridiken en laga påföljd för brott och i religionen följden av en begången synd (se Guds straff). |
| lexicalization | swe: straff |
| lexicalization | swe: vite |
| lexicalization | swe: bestraffning |
| Telugu | |
| has gloss | tel: శిక్ష (Punishment) నేరము చేసిన వ్యక్తి లేదా వ్యక్తులకు న్యాయం ప్రకారం ఇచ్చే సమాధానం. |
| lexicalization | tel: శిక్ష |
| lexicalization | tel: దండన |
| Thai | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | tha: การลงโทษ |
| lexicalization | tha: การทำให้เจ็บปวด |
| lexicalization | tha: การใช้สิ้นเปลือง |
| lexicalization | tha: การทารุณ |
| lexicalization | tha: การทำโทษ |
| Tigrinya | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | tir: ኢንቶ |
| Turkish | |
| has gloss | tur: Ceza, genel anlamıyla suç karşılığında uygulanan bir yaptırımdır. |
| lexicalization | tur: Cezalar |
| lexicalization | tur: ceza |
| lexicalization | tur: cezalandýrma |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | tur: aðýr çalýþtýrma |
| lexicalization | tur: sert davranma |
| Ukrainian | |
| lexicalization | ukr: покарання |
| lexicalization | ukr: Покарання |
| lexicalization | ukr: кара |
| Urdu | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | urd: سیاست |
| Vlaams | |
| lexicalization | vls: Straffe |
| Walloon | |
| has gloss | wln: Ene penitince (on dit eto : ene punicion), c est ene sacwè k ele n inme nén, k on oblidje ene sakî u ene biesse a fé u a subi, pask ele n a nén schoûté. |
| lexicalization | wln: Penitinces |
| lexicalization | wln: penitince |
| Classical Armenian | |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | xcl: պատիժ |
| Chinese | |
| lexicalization | zho: 刑罰 |
| lexicalization | zho: 惩罚 |
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| lexicalization | zho: 懲罰 |
| lexicalization | zho: 刑罚 |
| Links | |
|---|---|
| Show unreliable ▼ | |
| similar | e/Punishment |
| Media | |
|---|---|
| media:img | Alcatraz aerial.jpg |
| media:img | Alcatraz cell.JPG |
| media:img | Grandville Cent Proverbes page69.png |
| media:img | Hamburger Stadtrecht (1497).jpg |
| media:img | Museum of Sousse - Mosaics 2 detail.jpg |
| media:img | Wippe (Soester Nequambuch).JPG |
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